Case Western Reserve University Leaf 11
This leaf is from an Italian bible of the 13th century. It measures 19.5 x 13cm and the vellum is thin and supple, with minimal yellowing. It is lined with plummet, and includes blue, red, and black ink. The text is rotunda gothic. Though not illuminated, the leaf includes decorative initials with flourishes, as well as red and blue book numbers and chapter names. The first letter of most verses is pricked out in red. See Denison University Leaf 11 for more information about this manuscript.
Text: James 3:8-5:16 (recto); James 5:17-20 and 1 Peter 1:1-2:12 (verso).
Case Western Reserve University Leaf 11 Recto
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hóminum domáre potest: inquiétum malum, plena venéno mortífero. In ipsa benedícimus Deum et Patrem: et in ipsa maledícimus hómines, qui ad similitúdinem Dei facti sunt. Ex ipso ore procédit benedíctio et maledíctio. Non opórtet, fratres mei, hæc ita fíeri. Numquid fons de eódem forámine emánat dulcem et amáram aquam? Numquid potest, fratres mei, ficus uvas fácere, aut vitis ficus? Sic neque salsa dulcem potest fácere aquam. Quis sápiens et disciplinátus inter vos? Osténdat ex bona conversatióne operatiónem suam in mansuetúdine sapiéntiæ. Quod si zelum amárum habétis, et contentiónes sint in córdibus vestris: nolíte gloriári, et mendáces esse advérsus veritátem: non est enim ista sapiéntia desúrsum descéndens: sed terréna, animális, diabólica. Ubi enim zelus et conténtio, ibi inconstántia et omne opus pravum. Quæ autem desúrsum est sapiéntia, primum quidem pudíca est, deínde pacífica, modésta, suadíbilis, bonus conséntiens, plena misericórdia et frúctibus bonis, non júdicans, sine simulatióne. Fructus autem justítiæ, in pace seminátur, faciéntibus pacem. IIII. Unde bella et lites in vobis? nonne hinc: ex concupiscéntiis vestris, quæ mílitant in membris vestris? concupíscitis, et non habétis: occíditis, et zelátis: et non potéstis adipísci: litigátis, et belligerátis, et non habétis, propter quod non postulátis. Pétitis, et non accípitis: eo quod male petátis: ut in concupiscéntiis vestris insumátis. Adúlteri, nescítis quia amicítia hujus mundi inimíca est Dei? quicúmque ergo volúerit amícus esse saeculi hujus, inimícus Dei constitúitur. An putátis quia inániter Scriptúra dicat: Ad invídiam concupíscit spíritus qui hábitat in vobis? majórem autem dat grátiam. Propter quod dicit: Deus supérbis resístit, humílibus autem dat grátiam. Súbditi ergo estóte Deo, resístite autem diábolo, et fúgiet a vobis. Appropinquáte Deo, et appropinquábit vobis. Emundáte manus, peccatóres: et purificáte corda, dúplices ánimo. Míseri estóte, et lugéte, et ploráte: risus vester in luctum convertátur, et gáudium in mœrórem. Humiliámini in conspéctu Dómini, et exaltábit vos. Nolíte detráhere altérutrum fratres. Qui détrahit fratri, aut qui júdicat fratrem suum, détrahit legi, et júdicat legem. Si autem júdicas legem, non es factor legis, sed judex. Unus est legislátor et judex, qui potest pérdere et liberáre. Tu autem quis es, qui júdicas próximum? Ecce nunc qui
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dícitis: Hódie, aut crástino íbimus in illam civitátem, et faciémus ibi quidem annum, et mercábimur, et lucrum faciémus: qui ignorátis quid erit in crástino. Quæ est enim vita vestra? vapor est ad módicum parens, et deínceps exterminábitur; pro eo ut dicátis: Si Dóminus volúerit. Et: Si vixérimus, faciémus hoc, aut illud. Nunc autem exsultátis in supérbiis vestris. Omnis exsultátio talis, malígna est. Sciénti ígitur bonum fácere, et non faciénti, peccátum est illi. V. Ágite nunc dívites, ploráte ululántes in misériis vestris, quæ advénient vobis. Divítiæ vestræ putrefáctæ sunt, et vestiménta vestra a tíneis comésta sunt. Aurum et argéntum vestrum æruginávit: et ærúgo eórum in testimónium vobis erit, et manducábit carnes vestras sicut ignis. Thesaurizástis vobis iram in novíssimis diébus. Ecce merces operariórum, qui messuérunt regiónes vestras, quæ fraudáta est a vobis, clamat: et clamor eórum in aures Dómini sábbaoth introívit. Epuláti estis super terram, et in luxúriis enutrístis corda vestra in die occisiónis. Addixístis, et occidístis justum, et non resístit vobis. Patiéntes ígitur estóte, fratres, usque ad advéntum Dómini. Ecce agrícola exspéctat pretiósum fructum terræ, patiénter ferens donec accípiat temporáneum et serótinum. Patiéntes ígitur estóte et vos, et confirmáte corda vestra: quóniam advéntus Dómini appropinquávit. Nolíte ingemíscere, fratres, in altérutrum, ut non judicémini. Ecce judex ante jánuam assístit. Exémplum accípite, fratres, éxitus mali, labóris, et patiéntiæ, prophétas qui locúti sunt in nómine Dómini. Ecce beatificámus eos qui sustinuérunt. Sufferéntiam Job audístis, et finem Dómini vidístis, quóniam miséricors Dóminus est, et miserátor. Ante ómnia autem, fratres mei, nolíte juráre, neque per cælum, neque per terram, neque áliud quodcúmque juraméntum. Sit autem sermo vester: Est, est: Non, non: ut non sub judício decidátis. Tristátur áliquis vestrum? oret. Æquo ánimo est? psallat. Infirmátur quis in vobis? indúcat presbýteros ecclésiæ, et orent super eum, ungéntes eum óleo in nómine Dómini: et orátio fídei salvábit infírmum, et alleviábit eum Dóminus: et si in peccátis sit, remitténtur ei. Confitémini ergo altérutrum peccáta vestra, et oráte pro ínvicem ut salvémini: multum enim valet
[James 3:8-5:16]
...no man can tame, an unquiet evil, full of deadly poison. 9 By it we bless God and the Father: and by it we curse men, who are made after the likeness of God. 10 Out of the same mouth proceedeth blessing and cursing. My brethren, these things ought not so to be. 11 Doth a fountain send forth, out of the same hole, sweet and bitter water? 12 Can the fig tree, my brethren, bear grapes; or the vine, figs? So neither can the salt water yield sweet. 13 Who is a wise man, and endued with knowledge among you? Let him shew, by a good conversation, his work in the meekness of wisdom. 14 But if you have bitter zeal, and there be contentions in your hearts; glory not, and be not liars against the truth. 15 For this is not wisdom, descending from above: but earthly, sensual, devilish. 16 For where envying and contention is, there is inconstancy, and every evil work. 17 But the wisdom, that is from above, first indeed is chaste, then peaceable, modest, easy to be persuaded, consenting to the good, full of mercy and good fruits, without judging, without dissimulation. 18 And the fruit of justice is sown in peace, to them that make peace.
1 From whence are wars and contentions among you? Are they not hence, from your concupiscences, which war in your members? 2 You covet, and have not: you kill, and envy, and can not obtain. You contend and war, and you have not, because you ask not. 3 You ask, and receive not; because you ask amiss: that you may consume it on your concupiscences. 4 Adulterers, know you not that the friendship of this world is the enemy of God? Whosoever therefore will be a friend of this world, becometh an enemy of God. 5 Or do you think that the scripture saith in vain: To envy doth the spirit covet which dwelleth in you? 6 But he giveth greater grace. Wherefore he saith: God resisteth the proud, and giveth grace to the humble. 7 Be subject therefore to God, but resist the devil, and he will fly from you. 8 Draw nigh to God, and he will draw nigh to you. Cleanse your hands, ye sinners: and purify your hearts, ye double minded. 9 Be afflicted, and mourn, and weep: let your laughter be turned into mourning, and your joy into sorrow. 10 Be humbled in the sight of the Lord, and he will exalt you. 11 Detract not one another, my brethren. He that detracteth his brother, or he that judgeth his brother, detracteth the law, and judgeth the law. But if thou judge the law, thou art not a doer of the law, but a judge. 12 There is one lawgiver, and judge, that is able to destroy and to deliver. 13 But who art thou that judgest thy neighbour? Behold, now you that say: To day or to morrow we will go into such a city, and there we will spend a year, and will traffic, and make our gain. 14 Whereas you know not what shall be on the morrow. 15 For what is your life? It is a vapour which appeareth for a little while, and afterwards shall vanish away. For that you should say: If the Lord will, and if we shall live, we will do this or that. 16 But now you rejoice in your arrogancies. All such rejoicing is wicked. 17 To him therefore who knoweth to do good, and doth it not, to him it is sin.
1 Go to now, ye rich men, weep and howl in your miseries, which shall come upon you. 2 Your riches are corrupted: and your garments are motheaten. 3 Your gold and silver is cankered: and the rust of them shall be for a testimony against you, and shall eat your flesh like fire. You have stored up to yourselves wrath against the last days. 4 Behold the hire of the labourers, who have reaped down your fields, which by fraud has been kept back by you, crieth: and the cry of them hath entered into the ears of the Lord of sabaoth. 5 You have feasted upon earth: and in riotousness you have nourished your hearts, in the day of slaughter. 6 You have condemned and put to death the Just One, and he resisted you not. 7 Be patient therefore, brethren, until the coming of the Lord. Behold, the husbandman waiteth for the precious fruit of the earth: patiently bearing till he receive the early and latter rain. 8 Be you therefore also patient, and strengthen your hearts: for the coming of the Lord is at hand. 9 Grudge not, brethren, one against another, that you may not be judged. Behold the judge standeth before the door. 10 Take, my brethren, for an example of suffering evil, of labour and patience, the prophets, who spoke in the name of the Lord. 11 Behold, we account them blessed who have endured. You have heard of the patience of Job, and you have seen the end of the Lord, that the Lord is merciful and compassionate. 12 But above all things, my brethren, swear not, neither by heaven, nor by the earth, nor by any other oath. But let your speech be, yea, yea: no, no: that you fall not under judgment. 13 Is any of you sad? Let him pray. Is he cheerful in mind? Let him sing. 14 Is any man sick among you? Let him bring in the priests of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. 15 And the prayer of faith shall save the sick man: and the Lord shall raise him up: and if he be in sins, they shall be forgiven him. 16 Confess therefore your sins one to another: and pray one for another, that you may be saved. For the continual prayer...
Case Western Reserve University Leaf 11 Verso
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deprecátio justi assídua. Elías homo erat símilis nobis passíbilis: et oratióne orávit ut non plúeret super terram, et non pluit annos tres, et menses sex. Et rursum orávit: et cælum dedit plúviam, et terra dedit fructum suum. Fratres mei, si quis ex vobis erráverit a veritáte, et convérterit quis eum: scire debet quóniam qui convérti fécerit peccatórem ab erróre viæ suæ, salvábit ánimam ejus a morte, et opériet multitúdinem peccatórum.
Explicit epistola Iacobi. Incipit epistola Petre prima.
Petrus Apóstolus Jesu Christi, eléctis ádvenis dispersiónis Ponti, Galátiæ, Cappadóciæ, Ásiæ, et Bithýniæ, secúndum præsciéntiam Dei Patris, in sanctificatiónem Spíritus, in obediéntiam, et aspersiónem sánguinis Jesu Christi. Grátia vobis, et pax multiplicétur. Benedíctus Deus et Pater Dómini nostri Jesu Christi, qui secúndum misericórdiam suam magnam regenerávit nos in spem vivam, per resurrectiónem Jesu Christi ex mórtuis, in hæreditátem incorruptíbilem, et incontaminátam, et immarcescíbilem, conservátam in cælis in vobis, qui in virtúte Dei custodímini per fidem in salútem, parátam revelári in témpore novíssimo. In quo exsultábis, módicum nunc si opórtet contristári in váriis tentatiónibus: ut probátio vestræ fídei multo pretiósior auro (quod per ignem probátur) inveniátur in laudem, et glóriam, et honórem in revelatióne Jesu Christi: quem cum non vidéritis, dilígitis: in quem nunc quoque non vidéntes créditis: credéntes autem exsultábitis lætítia inenarrábili, et glorificáta: reportántes finem fídei vestræ, salútem animárum. De qua salúte exquisiérunt, atque scrutáti sunt prophétæ, qui de futúra in vobis grátia prophetavérunt: scrutántes in quod vel quale tempus significáret in eis Spíritus Christi: prænúntians eas quæ in Christo sunt passiónes, et posterióres glórias: quibus revelátum est quia non sibimetípsis, vobis autem ministrábant ea quæ nunc nuntiáta sunt vobis per eos qui evangelizavérunt vobis, Spíritu Sancto misso de cælo, in quem desíderant ángeli prospícere. Propter quod succíncti lumbos mentis vestræ, sóbrii, perfécte speráte in eam, quæ offértur vobis, grátiam, in revelatiónem Jesu Christi: quasi fílii obediéntiæ, non configuráti prióribus ignorántiæ vestræ desidériis: sed secúndum eum qui vocávit vos, Sanctum: et ipsi in omni conversatióne sancti sitis: quóniam
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scriptum est: Sancti éritis, quóniam ego sanctus sum. Et si patrem invocátis eum, qui sine acceptióne personárum júdicat secúndum uniuscujúsque opus, in timóre incolátus vestri témpore conversámini. Sciéntes quod non corruptibílibus, auro vel argénto, redémpti estis de vana vestra conversatióne patérnæ traditiónis: sed pretióso sánguine quasi agni immaculáti Christi, et incontamináti: præcógniti quidem ante mundi constitutiónem, manifestáti autem novíssimis tempóribus propter vos, qui per ipsum fidéles estis in Deo, qui suscitávit eum a mórtuis, et dedit ei glóriam, ut fides vestra et spes esset in Deo: ánimas vestras castificántes in obediéntia caritátis, in fraternitátis amóre, símplici ex corde ínvicem dilígite atténtius: renáti non ex sémine corruptíbili, sed incorruptíbili per verbum Dei vivi, et permanéntis in ætérnum: quia omnis caro ut fœnum: et omnis glória ejus tamquam flos fœni: exáruit fœnum, et flos ejus décidit. Verbum autem Dómini manet in ætérnum: hoc est autem verbum, quod evangelizátum est in vos. II. Deponéntes ígitur omnem malítiam, et omnem dolum, et simulatiónes, et invídias, et omnes detractiónes, sicut modo géniti infántes, rationábile, sine dolo lac concupíscite: ut in eo crescátis in salútem: si tamen gustástis quóniam dulcis est Dóminus. Ad quem accedéntes lápidem vivum, ab homínibus quidem reprobátum, a Deo autem eléctum, et honorificátum: et ipsi tamquam lápides vivi superædificámini, domus spirituális, sacerdótium sanctum, offérre spirituáles hóstias, acceptábiles Deo per Jesum Christum. Propter quod cóntinet Scriptúra: Ecce pono in Sion lápidem summum angulárem, eléctum, pretiósum: et qui credíderit in eum, non confundétur. Vobis ígitur honor credéntibus: non credéntibus autem lapis, quem reprobavérunt ædificántes: hic factus est in caput ánguli, et lapis offensiónis, et petra scándali, his qui offéndunt verbo, nec credunt in quo et pósiti sunt. Vos autem genus eléctum, regále sacerdótium, gens sancta, pópulus acquisitiónis: ut virtútes annuntiétis ejus qui de ténebris vos vocávit in admirábile lumen suum. Qui aliquándo non pópulus, nunc autem pópulus Dei: qui non consecúti misericórdiam, nunc autem misericórdiam consecúti. Caríssimi, óbsecro vos tamquam ádvenas et peregrínos abstinére vos a carnálibus desidériis, quæ mílitant advérsus ánimam, conversatiónem vestram inter gentes habéntes
[James 5:17-20]
17 Elias was a man passible like unto us: and with prayer he prayed that it might not rain upon the earth, and it rained not for three years and six months. 18 And he prayed again: and the heaven gave rain, and the earth brought forth her fruit. 19 My brethren, if any of you err from the truth, and one convert him: 20 He must know that he who causeth a sinner to be converted from the error of his way, shall save his soul from death, and shall cover a multitude of sins.
[1 Peter 1:1-2:12]
Here ends the letter of James. Here begins the first letter of Peter.
1 Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to the strangers dispersed through Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, elect, 2 According to the foreknowledge of God the Father, unto the sanctification of the Spirit, unto obedience and sprinkling of the blood of Jesus Christ: Grace unto you and peace be multiplied. 3 Blessed be the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ, who according to his great mercy hath regenerated us unto a lively hope, by the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, 4 Unto an inheritance incorruptible, and undefiled, and that can not fade, reserved in heaven for you, 5 Who, by the power of God, are kept by faith unto salvation, ready to be revealed in the last time. 6 Wherein you shall greatly rejoice, if now you must be for a little time made sorrowful in divers temptations: 7 That the trial of your faith (much more precious than gold which is tried by the fire) may be found unto praise and glory and honour at the appearing of Jesus Christ: 8 Whom having not seen, you love: in whom also now, though you see him not, you believe: and believing shall rejoice with joy unspeakable and glorified; 9 Receiving the end of your faith, even the salvation of your souls. 10 Of which salvation the prophets have inquired and diligently searched, who prophesied of the grace to come in you. 11 Searching what or what manner of time the Spirit of Christ in them did signify: when it foretold those sufferings that are in Christ, and the glories that should follow: 12 To whom it was revealed, that not to themselves, but to you they ministered those things which are now declared to you by them that have preached the gospel to you, the Holy Ghost being sent down from heaven, on whom the angels desire to look. 13 Wherefore having the loins of your mind girt up, being sober, trust perfectly in the grace which is offered you in the revelation of Jesus Christ, 14 As children of obedience, not fashioned according to the former desires of your ignorance: 15 But according to him that hath called you, who is holy, be you also in all manner of conversation holy: 16 Because it is written: You shall be holy, for I am holy. 17 And if you invoke as Father him who, without respect of persons, judgeth according to every one's work: converse in fear during the time of your sojourning here. 18 Knowing that you were not redeemed with corruptible things as gold or silver, from your vain conversation of the tradition of your fathers: 19 But with the precious blood of Christ, as of a lamb unspotted and undefiled, 20 Foreknown indeed before the foundation of the world, but manifested in the last times for you, 21 Who through him are faithful in God, who raised him up from the dead, and hath given him glory, that your faith and hope might be in God. 22 Purifying your souls in the obedience of charity, with a brotherly love, from a sincere heart love one another earnestly: 23 Being born again not of corruptible seed, but incorruptible, by the word of God who liveth and remaineth for ever. 24 For all flesh is as grass; and all the glory thereof as the flower of grass. The grass is withered, and the flower thereof is fallen away. 25 But the word of the Lord endureth for ever. And this is the word which by the gospel hath been preached unto you.
1 Wherefore laying away all malice, and all guile, and dissimulations, and envies, and all detractions, 2 As newborn babes, desire the rational milk without guile, that thereby you may grow unto salvation: 3 If so be you have tasted that the Lord is sweet. 4 Unto whom coming, as to a living stone, rejected indeed by men, but chosen and made honourable by God: 5 Be you also as living stones built up, a spiritual house, a holy priesthood, to offer up spiritual sacrifices, acceptable to God by Jesus Christ. 6 Wherefore it is said in the scripture: Behold, I lay in Sion a chief corner stone, elect, precious. And he that shall believe in him, shall not be confounded. 7 To you therefore that believe, he is honour: but to them that believe not, the stone which the builders rejected, the same is made the head of the corner: 8 And a stone of stumbling, and a rock of scandal, to them who stumble at the word, neither do believe, whereunto also they are set. 9 But you are a chosen generation, a kingly priesthood, a holy nation, a purchased people: that you may declare his virtues, who hath called you out of darkness into his marvellous light: 10 Who in time past were not a people: but are now the people of God. Who had not obtained mercy; but now have obtained mercy. 11 Dearly beloved, I beseech you as strangers and pilgrims, to refrain yourselves from carnal desires which war against the soul, 12 Having your conversation good among the Gentiles: that whereas they speak against you as evildoers...